Pre-Film Animation Thaumatrope- A toy created in 1826 by an English Physician called J. A. Paris. It consists of a single disc and 2 pieces of string and Its created by having two holes either side of the circle and then attaching a piece of string to each circle. the disc has two different pictures on each side of it and therefore when the string is twirled it makes the disc rotate as well and this creates the illusion of there being one picture. The best example of this is the bird and the cage, which consists of having a bird on one side and a cage on the other and when it is spun it gives the effect of the bird being in the cage Zoetrope- A machine created in 1865 by an American University student called Willian Ensign Lincoln. It consists of a cylinder/Can like object that has little slits going around it, opposite each of these slits is a frame of an image, there is usually a different image used on each frame, however the images last and first images tend to be very similar, so it can create a loop. It works by looking in between the slits at the image on the opposite side and rotating the cylinder, this give the illusion of movement. The best example is of the horse running, which each frame and rotation gives it the effect of it running. Phenakistoscope- A toy created in 1841 by a Belgian physicist called Joseph Plateau. It consists of a few pieces of circular paper that had wedges sectioned off and a second circle that is either bigger or smaller is used as well, this will also have the same amount of sectioned off pieces as the other circle. The wedges can range in size on the paper as long as they are the same on both circles. The circles are then put on top of either other with the biggest on at the back and smallest at the front. Then on these circles are drawn images that look like an object enters the frame and goes out of the frame all in one single spin or can be used similarly to the Zoetrope where it has a few object or people looking like they are moving. This example is of rats looking like they are running away. Kinetoscope- A motion-Picture film projector created in 1891 by an American inventor called Thomas A. Edison and Scottish inventor called William Kennedy Dickson. It consists of a bunch of rollers rolling a piece of film in a loop, there is a peephole with a lens in that a person looks through and the film is run passed the lens, however the film has a light bulb behind it to show the image through the lens and the viewer sees it as a motion picture. This machine is the most mechanical out of all of them, it also allows to use real life images and display them as recordings. Praxinoscope- A toy created in 1877 by a French Inventor called Charles-Émile Reynaud. It consists of objects and materials very similar to the Zoetrope, to the point of being called its ‘successor’, however its changed out the narrow viewing slit with an inner circle of mirrors which reflect the images that are now placed on the inside of the cylinder that originally had the slits on it. It works by the wheel being turned and someone looking at the reflection and it gives the illusion of motion, but brighter and less distorted images than the zoetrope had.